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Feedback? Ideas? We’re listening ↗ Instructions are the missing piece between “AI that can access my tools” and “AI that actually helps me.” You’ve learned that models process your messages and tools let AI take action. But without instructions, your agent has no idea what you actually want. It’s like hiring someone with all the right skills but never telling them the job.

How Instructions Work Under the Hood

When you chat with an agent, your message isn’t the only thing the model sees. Instructions get prepended to every single conversation. The model reads them first, before it ever sees what you typed.
The three components of an agent: prompt, tools, and instructions
This means instructions aren’t a one-time setup. They’re active context that shapes every response your agent gives. Change the instructions, and you fundamentally change how the agent behaves.
System prompt = instructionsYou’ll hear both terms used interchangeably. “System prompt” is the technical name. “Instructions” is what we call them in Gumloop because that’s what they are: you’re instructing your agent on how to behave.

The Four Things Instructions Control

Instructions can shape almost every aspect of agent behavior. Here’s how to think about what to include:
CategoryWhat it controlsExample instruction
Identity & PersonaName, tone, communication style”You are Aria, a friendly customer support agent. Be warm but professional.”
Workflow LogicSteps to follow, order of operations, decision points”First check inventory levels. If stock is below 10 units, flag for review before confirming the order.”
Boundaries & ExceptionsWhat to refuse, edge cases, escalation triggers”Never share pricing without checking the latest price sheet. Escalate to a human if the customer mentions legal action.”
Output FormatHow results are delivered and structured”Respond with bullet points. Keep responses under 100 words. End with a clear next step.”

Why Instructions Matter More Than You Think

Here’s what most people miss: instructions are where your expertise lives. You know things about your business that no AI model was trained on. You know that “urgent” from Client A means “sometime this week” while “urgent” from Client B means “drop everything.” You know which exceptions are actually exceptions and which are just noise. Instructions let you transfer that knowledge to your agent. Without them, you’re asking a very capable system to guess at context it doesn’t have. Two teams can use the exact same model, connect the exact same tools, and get wildly different results. The difference is instructions.
Instructions have limitsYou can’t instruct your way out of missing tools. If your agent needs CRM data and you haven’t connected your CRM, no instruction will magically give it that information. Instructions guide behavior within the boundaries of what’s possible.

The Agent Formula

At this point, you have the complete picture:
ComponentWhat it does
ModelProcesses language, reasons through problems
ToolsGives access to your systems and data
InstructionsShapes behavior, encodes your process
All three working together is what makes an agent actually useful. Missing any one of them, and you’ve got gaps.

What’s Next?

You now understand the building blocks. Time to put them together. Check out the Build Your First Agent lesson to put in action what you’ve learned so far.